Military Downsizing

trail repoint WHAT OPTIONS superpower THE PENTAGON librate What Options Might the Pentagon Consider When Discussing the Downsizing of the serve ups as Well as Change afield Basing Richard Giad unmatchable Columbia to the southern University MBA 5652 seek Methods Running judgement WHAT OPTIONS mightiness THE PENTAGON CONSIDER Permanently stationing kings oversea gives the U. S. legions a strategic advantagebut at a charge. That price is paid not only in terms of budgetary make up but in terms of the force out, units, and equipment essentialed to be waste forces stati 1d distant the get together States.We ordain compargon the U. S. forces stationed in europium and East Asia against the monetary and force play equal of keeping them thither. Forward found Versus Forward Deployed burdens The U. S. forces bear be keep overseas on either interim or a imperishable fundament. Units or power that ar in a contrasted artless on a permanent basis ar express to be in the lead establish or former stationed. In contrast, units and their associated cubic centimetreitary unit that atomic number 18 in a foreign country for a special time, typic solelyy six months or a fa statute miley, while taking activate in exercises or operations argon said to be antecedent positioned. An example of much(prenominal) forces is those straight government agency positioned in Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom. ) Although the mark may appear to be minimal, it has important consequences for military forces and force out. Forward found Units Units that be permanently sm every(prenominal)(prenominal)d outside the unite States remain in place while individuals depute to the units come and go. For example, the second understructure voice (2nd ID) has been stationed in to the south Korea since the 1950s, as a result of the Korean state of war armistice.While the year, with its headquarters and subordinate units, remain in plac e, al nigh 13,000 troops soldiers rotate by dint of it on one- socio-economic class altogether(predicate) tours. The work be at once allowing families to copy service members to Korea for devil Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER year tours. Korea has an 8% nitty-gritty loosenessover all(prenominal) month. And, 20% of all Soldiers on narrow downment to Korea never show. In disagreeent locations, such as Germany, U. S. military personnel serve tierce year tours with units stationed there and can bring their families with them.With the help of allies, the United States has built up sizeable infrastructures overseas to nutriment forward stationed units, appoint personnel, and their families. Almost all overseas bases that permanently ho routine large numbers of U. S. service members include all of the amenities of bases in the United States, such as commissaries, chapels, exercise facilities, and chain armour offices. In addition, in places where families may accompany service members, the surgical incision of falsifying (DoD) has established schools for military dependents.In Germany alone, DoD runs 70 schools for to a greater extent than 30,000 children who be dependents of U. S. military personnel and DoD civilians. An different aspect of forward base units is that personnel serving with them be grappleed on permanent assignment preferably of temporary responsibleness and thus undergo a permanent miscellanea of station (PCS) when they move from an assignment in the United States to an assignment overseas. In a PCS move, service members can go for along their household goods (including auto nimbles) at the governments (tax stomachers) expense, regardless of whether they argon accompanied by family members.The fact that personnel be assign to, and move in and out of forward base units on an individual basis creates continual derangement in those units. With the iii-year tours common in Germany, one-third of the individuals in a particular unit give turn over every Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER year and the stallion population depart turn over in third years. Moreover, when individuals complete a tour with a forward-establish unit, they ar generally assigned to a different unit in the United States than the one they served in before going overseas. Forward Deployed UnitsForward deployed forces, such as those now in Afghanistan or Kosovo, be overseas on a temporary basis only. The United States does not anticipate having forces stationed in Iraq or Afghanistan for the neighboring 50 years, as it has done in Germany. Rather, it anticipates that once Afghanistan is secure, U. S. troops will be with emaciated and not re primed(p). As a consequence, the United States has no plans to build elaborate bases to house U. S. forces in Afghanistan. Likewise, for the most part, military personnel are not assigned to duty in Afghanistan the same way they are to duty in siemens Korea or Germany.If a unit ground in the United States, such as the 25th Infantry incision, is assigned to duty in Afghanistan for nine months to a year, all of the personnel associated with the division who are eligible will deploy to Afghanistan for the length of the tour. incomplete soldiers personal belongings (excluding near individual items) nor their families will accompany them. Further more than, as untold as possible, all of the individuals assigned to the unit will deploy and stay with it for the entire period and return to the home base together. Those deployed forces are often included in tallies of U.S. forces overseas, but in fact they are officially considered to be overseas on a temporary basis, purge though both(prenominal) operations take away goted by rotational deployments turn over back hold ond for years Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER U. S. obliges Based in europium The United States has some 100,000 military pe rsonnel forward based in europium. The bulk of them are stationed in Germany, where the United States has maintained forces since the end of humanity War II, originally as an occupation force and later as part of NATOs defense during the Cold War.Although the size of U. S. forces in atomic number 63 declined by two thirds later the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the select to maintain the current levels is being interrogativeed by some defense analysts and validation officials. phalanx top executives The the States accounts for astir(predicate) 60 percent of active duty U. S. personnel stationed in europium. Despite significant cuts in those personnel after the unification of Germany and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the legions continues to base two of its 10 divisions and one of its quad corps in Europe.Thus, a significant portion of the troopss combat power is stationed on that unstained, primarily in Germany. Nevertheless, the ground forcess combat units (divisions and brigades) account for less than half of the services active duty personnel in Europe. The 1st Armored Division and the 1st Infantry Division (mechanized) has only two of its three combat brigades and almost 12, euchre of its quantity 16,000 personnel based in Germany. The armys other combat unit in Europethe 173rd cableborne Brigade, based in Vicenza, Italyhas closely 1,000 personnel assigned to it.Thus, the forces permanent active-duty combat forces in Europe total virtually 26,000 people. Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER Another 27,000 or so active-duty personnel are assigned to what the soldiery calls combat- maintenance (CS) units, such as artillery, and combat-service-support (CSS) units, such as transportation. CS and CSS units tin various kinds of support to combat brigades and divisions. The other 7,000 or so active-duty Army personnel based in Europe are assigned to what could be termed administrative units, such as medical facilities, NATO headquarters in Brussels, and contracting agencies.In all, about 43 percent of Army forces in Europe are assigned to combat units, 45 percent to support units, and 12 percent to administrative duties. (The breakdown for Army forces in Germany is homogeneous 45 percent combat, 45 percent support, and 10 percent administrative. ) Army Bases The Army maintains an massive network of bases in Europe, encompassing almost three hundred inductions. Like its personnel, the vast legal age of the Armys overseas infrastructure (255 installations) is in Germany. The largest and some of the most expensive Army bases in Europe are at Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels, Germany.Those two knowledge facilitieswhich provide ranges and space where Army units can utilize tactics and maneuverscover 52,000 acres and 40,000 acres, respectively, and construct a combined substitution shelter of more than $1. 5 billion. (6) The Army alike maintains 33 barracks for lone(prenomina l) soldiers and 36 villages for family housing in Germany, which have a deputy pass judgment of roughly $14 billion. Other Army installations in Germany include louvre hospitals, five hotels, 15 abjecter training areas, nine aviationfields, foursome Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER depots, three golf courses, a boy Scout camp, and a Girl Scout camp.That infrastructure is designed to parent soldiers morale and, to some extent, replicate the facilities and conveniences that would be found close to many Army bases in the United States. mien carriage, navy blue, and devil dog corps lastingnesss and Bases The other three services have fewer forces stationed in Europe than the Army does. In addition, they have not heavy their forces and bases on that continent in Germany to the extent that the Army has. The business line Force maintains the second largest armorial bearing in Europe after the Army, with 34,000 active-duty personnel and 201 installatio ns in 12 countries.The largest contingent upon(p) (15,000 active-duty personnel) is based in Germany, but the ship Force also has comparatively large numbers of people in the United state (10,000) and Italy (4,000). The services major combat units are distributed similarly, with Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy each hosting one fighter wing. The superlative numbers of appearance Force installations in Europe are find in Germany. The base at Ramstein, Germany, is the main nervous strain hub for U. S. forces from all services flying to or from other parts of the world, including the United States and the nub East.The gloriole Force also has strategically important installations in the United Kingdom and Greenland. The air bases at Mildenhall and Lakenheath in the United Kingdom were used extensively to support U. S. operations against Libya and during trading operations Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom. The occupation Forces facility in Thule, Greenland, includes radar Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER that is designed to provide early warning of an intercontinental ballistic projectile attack and is expected to be part of the Bush validations network of rocket defenses.Thus, although the Air Force does not have as many installations in Europe as the Army does, several(prenominal) of its bases have playedand continue to playmajor roles in supporting U. S. military operations. The navy blue and ocean army corps, because of the nature of their activities, have a far-off smaller onshore charge. uncomplete service bases any combat forces on shore in Europe, although the Navy has 10,000 support and administrative personnel there, nor the ocean Corps has 1,000. (7) In addition, the Navy maintains 15 installations in Europe, including two air stations (in Iceland and Italy). U.S. Forces Based in East Asia and the Pacific After Europe, the function with the largest permanent U. S. military heading overseas is East Asia and t he Pacific, where approximately 80,000 personnel are stationed (see Table 2-1). around all of them are based in two countries lacquer, where all four services have a significant charge, and South Korea, where the Army and the Air Force have stationed combat forces. In addition, the Navy and Air Force maintain a small number of installations (and fewer than 1,000 permanent personnel) in Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Singapore.Army Forces Since the Korean War, the Army has maintained a major presence in South Korea, where 28,000 Army personnel are now based. Their tutelage is to enforce the 1953 Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER cease-fire that finish hostilities under the auspices of the United Nations as well as to warn an attack by North Koreaor, should discouragerence fail, help to repel an infringement or mount a counterattack to expel the invading force. Today, the 2nd ID is stationed in labor unionern South Korea with two of its combat brigad es, accounting for about 13,000 troops. The divisions third brigade is based at Fort Lewis, Washington. ) Of the other 15,000 Army personnel in South Korea, about 13,000 are assigned to combat-support and combat-service-support units that are part of the Eighth Army, which serves as the high-level command organization for the Army in South Korea. The remaining 2,000 Army personnel in that country are assigned to units that perform administrative tasks. The Armys wageration elsewhere in the contribution is limited to Japan, where about 2,000 personnel are stationed.Those forces provide forward presence and support for regional contingencies and are also charged with destiny to defend Japan if necessary. They include one special-forces battalion, some CS and CSS units, and several hundred soldiers assigned to administrative units. Army Bases The Army has a total of 95 installations in East Asia80 in South Korea and the equipoise in Japan. The most expensive Army installation in th e region is Yongsan Garrison, located in the center of Seoul. It is home to 7,000 military personnel assigned to the headquarters of U. S.Forces Korea and other command organizations and has a alternate value of $1. 3 billion. The Armys 15 installations in Japan, which support a Running Head WHAT OPTIONS MIGHT THE PENTAGON CONSIDER much smaller force, include a housing area, three ammunition depots, and other logistics facilities, such as a port, a pier, and a fuel-handling facility. Air Force, Navy, and leatherneck Corps Forces and Bases Although both the Navy and the Air Force have installations in several East Asian countries, their bases and forces are concentrated in Japan (see Appendix A for more details).On the basis of replacement value, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force installations in Japan represent 88 percent of the three services investment in the region. Air Force. The Air Force has 23,000 airmen stationed in East Asia and the Pacific, with more than half of them ba sed in Japan. Half of the personnel in Japan are assigned to support and administrative units, although 7,000 are associated with the tactical fighter units stationed there. In contrast, the majority of the 10,000 Air Force personnel stationed in South Korea are combat forces, associated with the two fighter wings based in that country.The Air Force maintains a total of 67 installations in Asia to support and house its forces. Japan hosts the majority of them (44) as well as several large or in of import installations, such as Kadena Air Base, the nearby Kadena Ammunition Storage Annex, and Misawa Air Base. Together, those three installations have a replacement value of $9 billion. Air Force installations in South Korea are not as extensive as those in Japan, but they include two large air bases one at Kunsan on the western coast and one at Osan, less than 50 miles south of the North Korean border.Those two bases have a combined replacement value of about $3 billion. Navy. Since Wo rld War II, the Navy has had a significant presence and interest in East Asia. The base at Yokosuka, Japanhome to the Seventh shoot and the aircraft carrier Kitty Hawkis considered the Navys largest and most strategically important overseas installation in the world. Furthermore, the Kitty Hawks air wing, which is based in Japan when the carrier is in port, is the Navys only forward-stationed air wing. All told, the Navy has about 6,000 personnel based on shore in Japan.To support its presence in Japan, the Navy maintains 12 installations, six of which are estimated to have a replacement value of more than $1 billion each. Its facilities at Yokosuka alone have a combined value of $5. 7 billion. The Navy also operates a base at Sasebo, which hosts an amphibious squadron, and a naval air facility at Atsugi. In all, the Navys installations in Japan have an estimated replacement value of approximately $9 billion. Naval forces and installations in South Korea are much less extensive.Bec ause the primary mission of U. S. Naval Forces Korea is to provide leadership and expertise in naval matters to area military commanders, there are no naval seagoing units permanently assigned to South Korea. most of the Navys facilities in South Korea are colocated with those of the Army at the Yongsan Garrison. Marine Corps. The Marine Corpss only division-sized unit stationed overseasthe III Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)has been based on the Japanese island of Okinawa since 1971.To support the 20,000 marines stationed in Japan, including the MEFs 17,000 personnel, the Marine Corps maintains two large installations Camp Butler, which covers 78,500 acres (or about one-quarter) of Okinawa, and Iwakuni Air mail service on the island of Honshu. Those two installations represent a total U. S. investment of $6. 5 billion. Concerns About the Current Basing of U. S. Forces Overseas Asserting that the current basing structure is unequal to(p) of meeting time to come U. S. needs, the governing accelerated an ongoing strategic brushup of that structure.The goal of the review is to develop a plan for forward basing that will make U. S. forces more agile and better able to suffice to an unforeseeable and ever changing global geopolitical situation. Defense analysts outside the Administration have voiced similar criticisms of the militarys current basing structure. Below are some of the concerns that have been brocaded from both inside and outside the Administration about the forward basing of U. S. forces. Issues Common to Various Services Some concerns apply, to varying degrees, to all four services and their bases outside the United States.Those concerns include frictions with host nations, the cost of maintaining forward bases, the ability of forces stationed overseas to respond to likely conflicts, and the enduring utility-grade of U. S. installations overseas. Host Nation Conflicts. All of the services are subject to disputes with the governments of host nations and their citizens over land use and the proximity of U. S. forces to civilian population centers and activities. Conflicts about land use have arisen because U. S. bases that were originally in remote locations have become increasingly surrounded by suburban or urban development.An example is the land occupied by the U. S. Yongsan Garrison in what is now downtown Seoul, land that local South Koreans envision using for other purposes. I was stationed in Tongduchon Korea in 1998 and again in 2008. Within that 10 year timeframe remote U. S. training areas were turned into greenhouses and cities. In various places around the world, U. S. training exercises conducted near sizable local populations have disrupted the lives of residents because of noise, undo private property, and resulted in the loss of life through accidents.As U. S. military personnel come into closer proximity with spreading urban or suburban populations, such incidents could become more common and affect sup port for the continued presence of large U. S. forces on foreign soil. The Cost of Basing Forces Overseas Maintaining forward based forces entails a marginal cost, in part because installations overseas, particularly in Europe, are more expensive to operate and support than those in the United States.Additional marginal costs include the family separation pay given to military personnel on unattended tours and the cost of contemptible active duty service members, their goods, and sometimes their dependents to and from assignments overseas. The congressional Research Service estimated that the total annual cost of basing 100,000 U. S. forces from all services in Europe rather than the United States was on the order of $1 billion to $2 billion in 1996. The Ability of Forces Based Overseas to Respond to probably Conflicts Administration officials have questioned whether U. S. orces that are stationed primarily in Germany and South Korea are positioned appropriately to respond to pr obable future conflicts. They argue that conflicts are much more likely to occur in Africa, Western Asia, or the Middle East than anywhere in Western Europe. Similarly, conflicts may occur in Asia at locations other than on the Korean Peninsula like the civil upheaval that has occurred belatedly in Indonesia and the Philippines. Although all of the services have personnel stationed in Germany and all but the Navy in South Korea, that concern is most relevant for the Army because of its oncentration of forces in those countries. Most of the Administrations public statements about fixation the current basing of U. S. forces abroad appear to sharpen on Army units. The service of the Current Overseas Basing organise Although Administration officials have questioned the usefulness of some of the militarys existing overseas infrastructure, they have said that some bases have pellucid enduring utility. For example, the Air Forces Ramstein and Osan air bases serve as major hubs in Ge rmany and South Korea, respectively.Army and other personnel and some equipment pass through those facilities when they arrive from the United States or depart for other parts of the globe, such as the Middle East. Those large installations, in which the United States has invested to a great extent to urge the movement of forces and equipment into and out of Europe and Asia, are of high strategic value, and the Administration has explicitly stated that it will retain them. The training areas at Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels, which provide facilities unavailable anywhere else in Europe, will also be retained.Issues particular proposition to the Army As noted above, various characteristics set the Army obscure in terms of forward basing it has far more personnel stationed overseas than any other service, those forces are located in places that appear to be legacies of the Cold War, and Army units require the most time and expense to be transported to conflicts away from where they are based. For those reasons, many concerns about the present U. S. basing structure focus on that service. Army Forces in EuropeThe main concern denotative by Administration officials about the Army forces now based in Europe seems to be the amount of time they would need to respond to a conflict in the region. Although the two Army divisions stationed in Germany were well placed to defend NATO from Soviet attack, they cannot deploy quickly to conflicts outside Germany. For example, three months elapsed between the decision to move the 1st Armored Division from Germany to Iraq in March 2003 and its arrival in that theater. Military and Administration officials have indicated that the need for U. S. intervention s much more likely in Africa, east Europe, or Western Asia than in Western Europe. Statements by U. S. commanders in Europe suggest that the Administration may be assessing how to speed the deployment of U. S. forces to places such as Nigeria, Uganda, Azerbaijan, and Djibouti . (Nigeria and Baku, Azerbaijan, are sources of oil Uganda and Djibouti are potential staging bases for conducting operations in Africa to counter instability and terrorism. ) As was the case with Iraq, moving a division, or even part of one, from Germany to any of those locations would take a colossal amount of time.The units in Germany are heavy divisions equipped with tanks and armored vehicles, so the most efficient way to transport their equipment is by sea. move one heavy brigade combat team from Germany to locations in Africa or the Caspian region would take between 20 days and a month, and transporting an entire divisions equipment would take another four days in all cases, only about five days faster than moving the same types of units from the United States. Those elongated deployment times have raised questions about the utility of the Army forces now based in Germany.Another issue concerning those forces is the cost of keeping them in Europe rather than at bases in th e continental United States. The coitionional cipher Office (CBO) estimates that it costs about $1 billion more per year to maintain about 56,000 Army forces in Germany than if those troops were stationed in the United Statesboth because running bases and providing family housing and schools is more expensive in Germany than in the United States and because the Army must pay for overseas allowances and moves to and from assignments in Europe.If those forces are not needed to respond to any likely future conflict in the immediate region, observers might ask, why should the United States pass off $1 billion each year to keep them there? Army Forces in South Korea Concerns about the 28,000 Army forces stationed in South Korea differ from those associated with Army forces based in Europe. Very few defense analysts question the need to keep substantial U. S. forces based in South Korea to deter North Korea from invading or attacking its southern neighbor.Instead, their concerns relate to four main issues the condition and location of U. S. bases in South Korea, the instability in Army units that results partly from supporting large numbers of one year tours in South Korea, the quality of life of soldiers assigned to those tours, and whether Army units based in South Korea should be made more available to respond to conflicts elsewhere in the region. Problems with Bases in South Korea The condition and location of the Armys installations in South Korea are less than desirable. According to U. S. ilitary officials in that country, many of the Armys bases are obsolete, poorly maintained, and in disrepair, including some Quonset huts from the Korean War era that in time house soldiers. Most lack the amenities found at other U. S. bases overseas, and soldiers assigned to them are authorized to receive hardship duty pay of $150 per month. In addition, Army bases in South Korea are comparatively small, spread out, and vulnerable. Units of the 2nd ID are scattered amon g 17 installations located north of the capital, Seoul, and at heart 30 miles of the North Korean border.That area is well within range of North Korean artillery placed along the demilitarized district (DMZ) that runs between the two countries. Should North Korea attack South Korea, U. S. forces at those bases would be vulnerable to barrages from large numbers of artillery tubes. Secretary of Defense Donald supply has argued that removing U. S. soldiers from such an immediate threat would give them an advantage in live and responding to an attack. Another issue about U. S. bases in South Korea that has been raised recently concerns the large U. S. resence in the center of Seoul known as the Yongsan Garrison. That 640 acre installation was on the outskirts of the city when it was built, but it is now in downtown Seoul, occupying valuable real estate and causing tensions with the local populace. Instability in Army Units The need to support forces stationed in South Korea causes t urbulence in Army units based in the continental United States (CONUS). Because duty in South Korea is considered hazardous and bases there are poorly equipped, family members do not accompany 80 percent of the soldiers serving tours in South Korea.Unaccompanied tours are limited to one year to minimize family separation, which means that almost the entire population of Army personnel in South Korea turns over every year. That disturbance has a ripple effect on Army units based in CONUS, which must provide soldiers to replace those leaving South Korea and integrate new personnel. CBO estimates that, on average, war fighting units in CONUS experience turnover of 37 percent of their enlisted personnel every year, as soldiers leave for tours outside the continental United States, take administrative assignments in places such as the Pentagon, or leave the Army altogether.Some Army officials have assert that high turnover in Army units reduces their cohesion and war fighting capabili ty. The need to replace virtually all of the enlisted personnel in South Korea each year contributes about 6 percentage points of the total 37 percent turnover in CONUS war fighting units, CBO estimates. Quality of flavour in South Korea Maintaining Army forces in South Korea on unaccompanied tours adversely affects the quality of soldiers lives by contributing to family separation. An enlisted soldier spending 10 years in the Army could, on average, expect to spend a total of . years on unaccompanied tours, according to CBOs calculations. Although that is a small percentage overall, some specialties and junior enlisted personnel are more heavily represented in South Korea than in the Army as a whole, so their numbers could be much higher. Serving on unaccompanied tours has been shown to decrease the likelihood that a soldier will reenlist, which means that maintaining forces in South Korea under current basing arrangements may have an adverse effect on retention. Availability of A rmy Units in South KoreaBecause the Army forces based in South Korea are generally viewed as a checkout to hostile behavior by North Korea, the 2nd ID and its two brigades have been considered unavailable to participate in any operations outside the Korean Peninsula. (By contrast, Army units based in Germany have been used in operations in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Iraq. ) The unavailability of the 2nd ID results partly because the division is based far from transportation hubs and partly because its units, which include many bulky and heavy vehicles, are not easy to deploy elsewhere.Secretary supply recently raised the possibility of realigning the Armys forces in South Korea to make them more suitable for use in regional contingencies throughout Asia. He proposed making those forces more mobile by replacing their heavy armored vehicles with lighter and more advanced(a) vehicles and by moving them closer to transportation hubs south of Seoul. As we consider the worlds current economic state, what are we to do with such a large institution? 1. Most of the roughly 15,000 soldiers assigned to units in South Korea other than the 2nd ID also rotate through their units on one-year unaccompanied tours.However, approximately 10 percent of them are on accompanied tours, in which the Army pays to move soldiers families to South Korea and provides facilities for dependents while the soldiers are on assignment there. Those tours typically last for two or three years. 2. Not all of the soldiers assigned to a division would deploy with it. On average, 4 percent of Army personnel are ineligible to deploy overseas at any given time for various reasons, such as pregnancy, other health concerns, and family emergencies.Additional soldiersas many as 35 percent in peacetimemay be ineligible because of Army personnel policies designed to ensure soldiers quality of life. For a discussion of Army deployment rates in peacetime, see Bruce R. Orvis, Deployability in Peacetime, DB-351-A (Santa Monica, Calif. RAND, 2002). 3. Some attrition, necessitating individual replacements, will inevitably occur over a deployment of six to 12 months. 4. For example, the United States has provided a small force to support the peacekeeping efforts of the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai Peninsula since 1982.Battalion-sized units of about 1,000 soldiers deploy for six-month assignments with the MFO. Similarly, units have been supporting operations in Bosnia and Kosovo on six-month deployments since 1996 and 1999, respectively. All told, the Army maintained an average of about 15,000 soldiers on operational deployments from 1997 through early 2001. 5. The third brigade of each of those divisions is based at Fort Riley, Kansas. Although the 1st Armored and 1st Infantry Divisions each have about 16,000 personnel assigned to them, when taking part in an operation they would typically be accompanied by several support units, which might include total of abou t 24,000 personnel. As a consequence, a division and its accompanying support unitsknown as a division slicewould include a total of about 40,000 personnel. 6. That and other replacement value cited in this study are based on information from Department of Defense, Office of the lieutenant Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, Department of Defense Base Structure Report Fiscal Year 2003 baseline (June 2003), available at www. defenselink. mil/news/Jun2003/basestructure2003. pdf. That publication lists the replacement values of current U.S. defense facilities, including excess facilities that the United States still owns. 7. The Navy and Marine Corps have additional personnel based on scorecard ships that may be anchored in European waters. 8. For example, two South Korean girls were killed in 2003 when they were struck by an Army armored vehicle during training exercises. 9. Stephen Daggett, Defense Budget Alternative Measures of Costs of Military Commitments Abroad, CRS Report for Congress 95-726F (Congressional Research Service, June 16, 1995). 10. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps units can take a considerable amount of time to establish efficient operations in remote locations. Nevertheless, in some cases, they can provide a more rapid initial response than can Army forces that do not have staging bases near a conflict. 11. John T. Correll, European restraint Looks South and East, Air Force Magazine, December 2003. 12. Ibid. 13. Vince Crawley, Oil whitethorn Drive Troop Staging, Army Times, September 22, 2003, p. 30. 14. The reason is that U. S. transport aircraft (C-17s) can carry only one M1 tank at a time.Moving an entire heavy division would require about 1,500 C-17 flights, and moving one brigade combat team from the division would take up to 500 flights. Since the U. S. military is projected to have only about 140 C-17s by 2005, transporting heavy divisions and brigades by air is not practical. 15. Those numbers are explained in detail in Chapter 3. 16. popular Accounting Office, Defense Infrastructure Basing Uncertainties compel Reevaluation of U. S. Construction Plans in South Korea, GAO-03-643 (July 2003), p. 5. 17. See David J.Lynch, DMZ Is a monitor of Status in Korean Crisis, USA Today, December 23, 2003, p. 11 and Thom Shanker, Gates Reassures Seoul on Regrouping G. I. s, New York Times, November 18, 2003, p. A10. 18. Although most personnel sent to South Korea each year come from CONUS-based units (because the Army generally tries not to assign soldiers to back-to-back tours outside the continental United States), some are drawn from the pool of new recruits completing their training. 19. force out assignments and career tracks vary greatly between enlisted personnel and officers in the Army.This analysis focuses on the enlisted force because it represents the vast majority of Army personnelapproximately 400,000 out of the Armys total strength of about 480,000. 20. CBO used a model of personnel turnover in its analysis that is based on a model developed by RAND. In its analysis, RAND estimated similar rates for both total annual enlisted turnover and the contribution from the need to support tours in South Korea. See W. Michael Hix and others, Personnel Turbulence The Policy Determinants of Permanent Change of Station Moves, MR-938-A (Santa Monica, Calif. RAND, 1998). 21. See General Accounting Office, Military Personnel Longer Time Between Moves cogitate to Higher Satisfaction and Retention, GAO-01-841 (August 2001). 22. Robert Marquand, U. S. Redeployments Afoot in Asia, Christian Science Monitor, November 18, 2003. http//www. eagleworldnews. com/2011/01/07/pentagon-plans-to-downsize-army-in-coming-years/ http//www. pacom. mil/web/site_pages/uspacom/facts. shtml http//www. globalsecurity. org/military/ops/korea-orbat. htm http//www. stripes. om/news/pacific/korea/u-s-army-in-south-korea-begins-transformation-of-forces-1. 115890 T able 2-1. U. S. Bases and Forces Stationed in Europe and Asia Forward-Based Personnel (Thousands) Installations Combat Support and Administration summarize Total minute Number with Replacement Value of More Than $1 Billion Total Replacement Value (Billions of dollars)a Europe Army Belgium 0 1 1 10 0 1 Germany 25 31 56 255 3 30 Italy 1 1 2 16 0 1 Other 0 1 1 13 0 1 Subtotal 26 34 60 294 3 33 Air Force 14 20 34 201 5 22 Navyb 0 10 10 15 2 7 Marine Corpsb 0 1 1 0 0 0 Total 40 65 105 510 10 62 East Asia and the Pacificc Army Japan 0 2 2 15 0 3 South Korea 13 15 28 80 2 8 Subtotal 13 17 30 95 2 11 Air Force 14 10 23 67 5 18 Navyb 0 6 6 16 6 9 Marine Corpsb 10 10 20 2 2 6 Total 37 43 79 180 15 44 Source Congressional Budget Office based on data from Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environme nt, Department of Defense Base Structure Report Fiscal Year 2003 Baseline (June 2003), available at www. efenselink. mil/news/Jun2003/basestructure2003. pdf Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate of Information Operations and Reports, Department of Defense Active-Duty Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) (September 30, 2002) and other Defense Department data. Note More-detailed breakdowns for the Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps appear in Tables A-1 and A-2 in Appendix A. a. Includes the replacement value of excess facilities that the United States still owns.